Sewer Pipes Profiles

• Circular
• Egg-Shaped (inverted)
• Egg-Shaped
• Mouth-Shaped
• Square
• Trapezoidal

Sewer Pipes Materials

• Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, Prestressed Concrete
• Ceramics
• Asbestos Cement
• Cast Iron
• Steel
• Plastics- PVC, PE, PP, Reinforced with fiber-glass
• Resins- Epoxy resin, reinforced with fiber-glass

Where does the wastewater come from?

1. Sanitary Wastewater

• Wastewater from residential, commercial, institutional and industrial sources.

2. Storm Water Runoff

• Wastewater resulting from rainfall running off streets, roofs, and other impervious surfaces.

Infiltration to Sanitary Sewer Systems

Groundwater/percolating water in the subsurface entering a sewer system through:

• Defective pipes
• Leaking Pipe Joints
• Poor Connections
• Cracked Manhole Walls, etc.

Inflow to Sanitary Sewer Systems

Water entering a sewer system from surface sources such as:

• Leaking manhole covers
• Directly connected roof gutters
• Cellar of foundation drains
• Cross connections from storm drains and combined sewers
• Yard and area drains
• Cooling-water discharge
• Drains from springs and swampy areas
• Street wash water

Sanitary Sewer Overflow

• Heavy rains overload the system though inflow and infiltration into cracks, ill-fitting joints, and leaky manholes.
• To prevent hydraulic overload of treatment plants, the excessive sewage bypasses the plant and is discharged without treatment.

Effect of SSOs

• Nutrients and toxicants may cause algal blooms and harm wildlife. Algal blooms remove O₂ from water, smothering aquatic life.
• Decrease in water quality reduces number and range of plants and fish.

Public Health

• Direct contact with water containing sewage can cause skin and ear infections and gastroenteritis, and cuts become infected.
• Illnesses result from eating fish/shellfish that swim in sewage contaminated waters.
• Inhalation and skin absorption can also cause disease.